{"id":18597,"date":"2025-08-26T17:06:46","date_gmt":"2025-08-26T21:06:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/?page_id=18597"},"modified":"2025-09-01T15:58:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-01T19:58:47","slug":"artificial-intelligence-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/artificial-intelligence-2\/","title":{"rendered":"Artificial Intelligence"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>Artificial intelligence, aka AI, is everywhere and involves far more than the generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) that have recently dominated the conversation. This guide will provide a brief overview of the history of AI, ethical issues, publishing, and AI\u2019s use in classrooms. However, it does focus mainly on generative AI and LLMs. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-3d0ff8e3-22ad-4bd7-86d5-5e6f90d199c1 advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Terminology<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Artificial intelligence (AI) &#8211; a branch of computer science dedicated to developing programs that can discover patterns, make actions, create results based on input, etc. (<a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.msutexas.edu\/ai\/glossary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Midwestern State University, Moffett Library\u2019s Glossary of Artificial Intelligence Terms<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Generative AI &#8211; content-generating AI platforms used to create text, video, image, or code output based on the large datasets used as training data, from which they find patterns close to the source material for novel responses (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnet.com\/tech\/services-and-software\/chatgpt-glossary-52-ai-terms-everyone-should-know\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CNET &#8211; ChatGPT Glossary: 52 AI Terms Everyone Should Know<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Neural Networks &#8211; \u201ca mathematical system that actively learns skills by identifying and analyzing statistical patterns in data; inspired by the neurons in our brain\u201d per (<a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloanedtech.mit.edu\/ai\/basics\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MIT\u2019s Glossary of Terms: Generative AI Basics<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Large Language Models &#8211; neural networks that work by forecasting word sequences (<a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloanedtech.mit.edu\/ai\/basics\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MIT\u2019s Glossary of Terms: Generative AI Basics<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Deep learning models &#8211; a type of neural network capable of recognizing more complex patterns (<a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.msutexas.edu\/ai\/glossary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Midwestern State University, Moffett Library\u2019s Glossary of Artificial Intelligence Terms<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Natural Language Processing &#8211; a subfield of AI studies focusing on getting machines to understand and generate regular human language rather than requiring specific terminology (<a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloanedtech.mit.edu\/ai\/basics\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MIT\u2019s Glossary of Terms: Generative AI Basics<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Transformer models &#8211; a type of language model and neural network, also classified as deep learning model, that use self-attention mechanisms to focus on the important parts of input and output (<a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.msutexas.edu\/ai\/glossary\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Midwestern State University, Moffett Library\u2019s Glossary of Artificial Intelligence Terms<\/a>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Hallucinations &#8211; incorrect or nonexistent information returned by generative AI platforms (<a href=\"https:\/\/mitsloanedtech.mit.edu\/ai\/basics\/glossary\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">MIT\u2019s Glossary of Terms: Generative AI Basics<\/a>)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-f1cec9f4-814a-4d96-82cd-2da19f744c5d advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">General Information Resources<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2023.107855\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">An artificial intelligence perspective: How knowledge and confidence shape risk and benefit perception<\/a> &#8211; by Said et al., published in Computers in Human Behavior<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/MC.2024.3411797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Artificial Intelligence for the Benefit of Everyone<\/a> &#8211; by Hessami et al., published in IEEE<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/frai.2025.1558696\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Gender and content bias in Large Language Models: a case study on Google Gemini 2.0 Flash Experimental<\/a> &#8211; by Balestri, published in Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gao.gov\/products\/gao-25-107172\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Artificial Intelligence: Generative AI\u2019s Environmental and Human Effects<\/a> &#8211; from the US Government Accountability Office<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.understandingai.org\/p\/large-language-models-explained-with\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Large language models, explained with a minimum of math and jargon<\/a> &#8211; by Lee &amp; Trott<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">History &amp; Ethical Issues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-cd0f4c3b-e2c2-43d1-934d-b91ee912122f advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">History of AI<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>There is an extensive history of artificial intelligence that extends back to the early 1900s. In 1914, a Spanish engineer named Leonardo Torres y Quevedo developed a fully automated chess-playing machine using electromagnets (IBM\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/history-of-artificial-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI<\/a>). \u201cA Logical Calculus of the Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity\u201d by Warren S. McCulloch and Walter Pitts introduced the idea of the brain as a computational system and proposed the concept of artificial neural networks (IBM\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/history-of-artificial-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI<\/a>). However, Alan Turing is often viewed as the founder of artificial intelligence (Illinois Central College <a href=\"https:\/\/library.icc.edu\/c.php?g=1372140&amp;p=10141462\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Artificial Intelligence (A.I.)<\/a>). Turing published an article, \u201cComputing Machinery and Intelligence,\u201d discussing the question of whether machines are capable of thought (IBM\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/history-of-artificial-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A conference of researchers from several disciplines at Dartmouth in 1956, hosted by the school\u2019s mathematics professor John McCarthy, is credited with establishing the field of artificial intelligence (Coursera\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coursera.org\/articles\/history-of-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI: A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence<\/a>).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The first program likened to today\u2019s chatbots is ELIZA, developed by Joseph Weizenbaum (Coursera\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.coursera.org\/articles\/history-of-ai\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI: A Timeline of Artificial Intelligence<\/a>). This program simulated therapy by responding to natural language inputs. Despite Weizenbaum\u2019s theory that there would be simple back-and-forth, many users \u201cattributed human-like emotions to the program, raising ethical questions about AI and human interaction\u201d (IBM\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ibm.com\/think\/topics\/history-of-artificial-intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The History of AI<\/a>) that persist to this day.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-796f0b2b-dd33-4e1b-8643-667dafc8c2cc advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Ethics and AI<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>See the AI Literacy guide for more information on the ethical concerns surrounding AI.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/intelligence.org\/files\/EthicsofAI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence<\/a> &#8211; by Bostrom &amp; Yudkowsky, published by the Machine Intelligence Research Institute<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.unesco.org\/en\/artificial-intelligence\/recommendation-ethics?hub=32618\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Ethics of Artificial Intelligence<\/a> &#8211; UNESCO recommendations<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.congress.gov\/crs-product\/LSB10922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Generative Artificial Intelligence and Copyright Law<\/a> &#8211; from Congress<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copyright and Artificial Intelligence<\/a> &#8211; US Copyright Office<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Publishing<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-ce61ff9e-4f1b-468a-90e8-a498c5bf924f advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Scholarly Publishing<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>There is an ongoing conversation around how AI is used in academic writing and publishing. As noted by Washington State University\u2019s Generative Artificial Intelligence LibGuide page, <a href=\"https:\/\/libguides.libraries.wsu.edu\/c.php?g=1357907&amp;p=10043602\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI and Scholarly Publishing<\/a>, many journals have been publicizing their AI statements and how they are handling the disclosure of how AI has been used in submissions.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Authors are including AI-generated or supplemented content in their articles and research, which raises concerns about authorship (<a href=\"https:\/\/journal.calaijol.org\/index.php\/ijol\/article\/view\/419\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI in Scholarly Publishing: A Study on LIS Journals\u2019 Guidelines and Policies<\/a> from the International Journal of Librarianship). Since AI content is generated by previously-compiled work, it is necessary that any AI-generated content be appropriately cited. However, it can be challenging to identify what content is from an LLM versus what conclusions an author has written themselves.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-611d1b6e-aa86-4efe-8d12-114d4d1db14d advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Copyright<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>Copyright is a challenging issue when it comes to AI. Large Language Models scrape the internet for their datasets, meaning that they pull copyrighted material without consideration of copyright. There have been several cases regarding potential copyright infringement for AI training, and the legal landscape is actively changing as regulation continues to develop (<a href=\"https:\/\/sites.usc.edu\/iptls\/2025\/02\/04\/ai-copyright-and-the-law-the-ongoing-battle-over-intellectual-property-rights\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI, Copyright, and the Law: The Ongoing Battle Over Intellectual Property Rights<\/a>)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is also discussion about whether AI-generated content is eligible for its own copyright and how that is treated in the legal system. The US Copyright Office has released their <a href=\"https:\/\/www.copyright.gov\/ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Copyright and Artificial Intelligence<\/a> report to provide clarification on their treatment of AI-generated content and how to gauge human authorship. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-35e31c4c-4027-4c64-9ad6-e7610633b57e advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Resources for Faculty<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p>Clarkson does not have an institution-wide AI policy; each faculty member is able to determine how to use AI in their courses. Given the number of courses each student takes, it is very important to clearly establish your AI policies for every class. Determine the use cases, preferences, and limitations you want your students to take. Additional information is available on the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/help-services\/services-for-faculty-staff\/ai-resources-for-faculty\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Resources for Faculty<\/a> on the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/help-services\/services-for-faculty-staff\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Services for Faculty and Staff<\/a> page. See the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/ai-literacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Literacy<\/a> guide for tools centered around the research process that may be more appropriate for your own research and for students than general LLMs.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Scholarly articles on artificial intelligence in higher education are available through the <a href=\"https:\/\/clarksonuniversitylibrary.on.worldcat.org\/search?queryString=%22artificial%20intelligence%22%20and%20%22higher%20education%22&amp;clusterResults=true&amp;stickyFacetsChecked=true&amp;baseScope=&amp;sortKey=DATE_D&amp;subformat=Artchap%3A%3Aartchap_artcl&amp;groupVariantRecords=false&amp;scope=wz%3A737&amp;bookReviews=off&amp;changedFacet=content&amp;content=fullText\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">library\u2019s catalog<\/a>. Other articles include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ejed.12908\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Scoping Review of the Strategic Integration of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Transforming University Excellence Themes and Strategic Planning in the Digital Era<\/a> &#8211; by Abulibdeh et al., published in the European Journal of Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/files.eric.ed.gov\/fulltext\/EJ1459623.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Critical Thinking in the Age of AI: A Systematic Review of AI\u2019s Effects on Higher Education<\/a> &#8211; by Melisa et al., published in Educational Process: International Journal<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11218-025-10052-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Teachers\u2019 early uptake of genAI in teaching and learning: important questions and answers<\/a> &#8211; by Collie &amp; Martin, published in Social Psychology of Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-025-00384-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Exploring students\u2019 AI literacy and its effects on their AI output quality, self-efficacy, and academic performance<\/a> &#8211; by Becirovic, Polz, &amp; Tinkel, published in Smart Learning Environments<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40561-025-00373-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Workload perception in educational resource recommendation supported by artificial intelligence: a controlled experiment with teachers<\/a> &#8211; by Machado et al., published in Smart Learning Environments<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The following online articles discuss ways to integrate AI into your classrooms and the pros and cons.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalstrategy.unt.edu\/clear\/teaching-resources\/theory-practice\/using-ai-in-higher-education-classroom.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Embracing Artificial Intelligence in the Classroom<\/a> &#8211; from the Harvard Graduate School of Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ace.edu\/blog\/ai-in-higher-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How Artificial Intelligence is Transforming Higher Education<\/a> &#8211; from the American College of Education<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/comminfo.rutgers.edu\/news\/how-artificial-intelligence-impacting-higher-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How is Artificial Intelligence Impacting Higher Education?<\/a> &#8211; from the Rutgers-New Brunswick School of Communication and Information<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ecampus.oregonstate.edu\/faculty\/artificial-intelligence-tools\/blooms-taxonomy-revisited\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy Revisited<\/a> &#8211; from Oregon State University\u2019s AI Tools for Faculty Support<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ohio.edu\/news\/2024\/09\/teaching-ai-how-college-professors-are-redefining-classroom\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Teaching with AI: How college professors are redefining the classroom<\/a> &#8211; from Ohio Today<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.insidehighered.com\/news\/student-success\/academic-life\/2024\/02\/06\/how-college-professors-are-using-generative-ai-teach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Teaching Tip: Navigating AI in the Classroom<\/a> &#8211; from Inside Higher Ed<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digitalstrategy.unt.edu\/clear\/teaching-resources\/theory-practice\/using-ai-in-higher-education-classroom.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Using AI in the Higher Education Classroom<\/a> &#8211; from the University of North Texas\u2019s Division of Digital Strategy and Innovation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-0ef47d9d-d937-462b-b510-c6248042e9e4 advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Resources for Students<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<p><strong>Plagiarism and Academic Honesty:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/plagiarism\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Clarkson University Libraries\u2019 Plagiarism Guide<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clarkson.edu\/admissions-financial-aid\/sas\/clarkson-regulations\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Clarkson Student Regulations<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/guides.lib.usf.edu\/c.php?g=1315087&amp;p=9678805\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Citing AI Generated Writing by University of South Florida<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/apastyle.apa.org\/blog\/how-to-cite-chatgpt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Citing AI in APA style<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/style.mla.org\/citing-generative-ai\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Citing AI in MLA style<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>General Guidelines:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If you are going to use LLMs or other forms of AI as a student, make sure you carefully review the policies established by your instructors for each class. Instructors have their own methods for integrating artificial intelligence into their courses and you are responsible for following the policies established for each course.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/ai-literacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Literacy<\/a> guide focuses on understanding artificial intelligence, its use cases, concerns around its use, and how to use it effectively. Clarkson\u2019s Writing Center also has a <a href=\"https:\/\/moodle.clarkson.edu\/enrol\/index.php?id=3304\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Generative AI Literacy<\/a> Moodle course that may be helpful in evaluating your current level of AI literacy and any areas of improvement.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/how-to-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Study<\/a> guide for suggestions on how to integrate AI into your study routines and the <a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/ai-literacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Literacy<\/a> guide for research-oriented tools that may be more effective in the research process than ChatGPT or other standard chatbots.&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordions advgb-accordions-b9158d01-e4ae-46fe-a6fe-caf641433756 advgb-accordion-wrapper\" data-collapsed=\"true\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-advgb-accordion-item advgb-accordion-item\" style=\"margin-bottom:15px\"><div class=\"advgb-accordion-header\" style=\"background-color:#000;color:#eee;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;border-radius:2px\"><span class=\"advgb-accordion-header-icon accordion-state\"><svg class=\"advgb-icon-closed\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13h-4v4h-2v-4H7v-2h4V7h2v4h4V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><svg class=\"advgb-icon-opened\" fill=\"#fff\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"24\" height=\"24\" viewBox=\"0 0 24 24\"><path fill=\"none\" d=\"M0,0h24v24H0V0z\"><\/path><path d=\"M12,2C6.48,2,2,6.48,2,12s4.48,10,10,10s10-4.48,10-10S17.52,2,12,2z M17,13H7v-2h10V13z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span><h4 class=\"advgb-accordion-header-title\" style=\"color:inherit\">Related Guides<\/h4><\/div><div class=\"advgb-accordion-body\" style=\"border-style:solid !important;border-width:1px !important;border-color:undefined !important;border-top:none !important;border-radius:2px !important\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/ai-literacy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">AI Literacy<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/how-to-study\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">How to Study<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/citing-sources\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Citing Sources<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/fake-news\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Misinformation and Disinformation<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Artificial intelligence, aka AI, is everywhere and involves far more than the generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) that have recently dominated the conversation. This guide will provide a brief overview of the history of AI, ethical issues, publishing, and AI\u2019s use in classrooms. However, it does focus mainly on generative AI and LLMs. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":223,"featured_media":0,"parent":1195,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-templates\/right-sidebarpage.php","meta":{"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-18597","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Artificial Intelligence - University Libraries<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.clarkson.edu\/library\/research-tools-collections\/guides\/artificial-intelligence-2\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Artificial Intelligence - University Libraries\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Artificial intelligence, aka AI, is everywhere and involves far more than the generative AI and Large Language Models (LLMs) that have recently dominated the conversation. 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